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|pop1 = 5.4–8.3 million |region2 = |pop2 = 170,000 (incl. 60,000 settlers) | population = 5,425,000–8,300,000〔 1.7–2.6% of total U.S. population, 2012〔2012 U.S. Census Bureau estimate〕 | regions = In the United States, the following Metropolitan Areas host the largest Jewish American population centres: New York City, Miami, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Houston, Chicago, Cleveland, Baltimore. | langs = | rels = Judaism }} American Jews, also known as Jewish Americans,〔 ''Time'', June 20, 1938〕 are American citizens who are Jews, either by religion, ancestry, or both. The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews and their U.S.-born descendants, making up about 90% of the American Jewish population.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/1/5/335.full )〕 Minority Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented, including Sephardic Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and a smaller percentage of converts to Judaism. The American Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, as well as encompassing the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Depending on religious definitions and varying population data, the United States is home to the largest or second largest (after Israel) Jewish community in the world. In 2012, the American Jewish population was estimated at between 5.5 and 8 million, depending on the definition of the term. This constitutes between 1.7% to 2.6% of the total U.S. population.〔 ==History== (詳細はtitle=Home )〕〔(Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue )〕 However, they were small in numbers and almost exclusively Sephardic Jewish immigrants of Spanish and Portuguese ancestry.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue )〕 Since 1740 Jews were specifically permitted to immigrate and become British citizens in the colonies with passage of the Plantation Act. Despite some being denied the ability to vote or hold office in local jurisdictions, Sephardic Jews became active in community affairs in the 1790s, after achieving political equality in the five states where they were most numerous.〔Alexander DeConde, ''(Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History )'', p.52〕 Until about 1830, Charleston, South Carolina had more Jews than anywhere else in North America. Large scale Jewish immigration, however, did not commence until the 19th century, when, by mid-century, many Ashkenazi Jews had arrived from Germany, migrating to the United States in large numbers due to antisemitic laws and restrictions at home. They primarily became merchants and shop-owners. There were approximately 250,000 Jews in the United States by 1880, many of them being the educated, and largely secular, German Jews, although a minority population of the older Sephardic Jewish families remained influential. Jewish migration to the United States increased dramatically in the early 1880s, as a result of persecution and economic difficulties in parts of Eastern Europe. Most of these new immigrants were Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, though most came from the poor rural populations of the Russian Empire and the Pale of Settlement, located in modern-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. During the same period, great numbers of Ashkenazi Jews also arrived also from Galicia, at that time the most impoverished region of Austro-Hungarian empire with heavy Jewish urban population, driven out mainly by economic reasons. Many Jews also emigrated from Romania due to antisemitic persecution. Over 2,000,000 Jews landed between the late 19th century and 1924, when the Immigration Act of 1924 and the National Origins Quota of 1924 restricted immigration. Most settled in the New York metropolitan area, establishing the world's major concentrations of Jewish population. In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines.〔Yiddish is a dialect of German written in the Hebrew alphabet and based entirely in the East European Jewish population. 〕 At the beginning of the 20th century, these newly arrived Jews built support networks consisting of many small synagogues and Ashkenazi Jewish ''Landsmannschaften'' (German for "Countryman Associations") for Jews from the same town or village. American Jewish writers of the time urged assimilation and integration into the wider American culture, and Jews quickly became part of American life. 500,000 American Jews (or half of all Jewish males between 18 and 50) fought in World War II, and after the war younger families joined the new trend of suburbanization. There, Jews became increasingly assimilated and demonstrated rising intermarriage. The suburbs facilitated the formation of new centers, as Jewish school enrollment more than doubled between the end of World War II and the mid-1950s, while synagogue affiliation jumped from 20% in 1930 to 60% in 1960; the fastest growth came in Reform and, especially, Conservative congregations.〔Sarna, ''American Judaism'' (2004) p 284-5〕 More recent waves of Jewish emigration from Russia and other regions have largely joined the mainstream American Jewish community. Americans of Jewish descent have been disproportionately successful in many fields and aspects over the years. The Jewish community in America has gone from a lower class minority, with most studies putting upwards of 80% as manual factory laborers prior to World War I and with the majority of fields barred to them, to the consistent richest or second richest ethnicity in America for the past 40 years in terms of average annual salary, with extremely high concentrations in academia and other fields, and today have the highest per capita income of any ethnic group in the United States, at around double the average income of non-Jewish Americans.〔''(Poll: Jews highest-earning group in US )'', Jerusalem Post, Feb 26, 2008〕〔''Why is America Different?: American Jewry on Its 350th Anniversary'' edited by Steven T. Katz, (University of America Press 2010), page 15〕〔''American Pluralism and the Jewish Community'', edited by Seymour Martin Lipset, (Transaction Publishers 1990), page 3〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「American Jews」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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